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1.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(2): 545-552, Mar./Apr. 2020. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1128403

ABSTRACT

Avaliou-se a produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ manejadas em diferentes microclimas. Foram avaliadas 48 vacas, divididas em três grupos, manejadas em pastos e microclimas diferentes. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três grupos de suplementação fornecida durante a ordenha. Os registros termográficos dos flancos direito e esquerdo ocorreram com os animais a pasto. As temperaturas do olho e retal foram mensuradas após a ordenha. O ITGU caracterizou sinal de perigo para o microclima 1 no período da tarde (81,7) e para o microclima 2 nos turnos da manhã e da tarde (81,6 e 83,8, respectivamente). No microclima 2, houve diferença da temperatura do flanco direito para animais do grupo 2 em relação aos animais do grupo 3. A temperatura do flanco esquerdo foi superior para os animais do grupo 1. O microclima 1 foi caracterizado de conforto térmico, e o 2 de desconforto nos períodos da manhã e da tarde. A suplementação não influenciou na produção de calor dos animais. As médias da temperatura retal e do olho não diferiram entre os grupos, e a correlação apresentou valores baixos e moderados para os microclimas 1 e 2, respectivamente. A oferta de diferentes fontes de suplementação não interfere na produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ, mesmo quando fornecido em ambiente climático em que o ITGU é próximo a 84.(AU)


Body heat production of F1 HxZ cows managed in different microclimates was evaluated. We evaluated 48 cows, divided into two groups, managed in different pastures and microclimates. Each group was subdivided into three groups of supplementation provided during milking. The thermographic records of the right and left flanks occurred with the animals on the grass. Eye and rectal temperatures were measured after milking. The BGT had a danger signal for microclimate 1 in the afternoon (81.7) and microclimate 2 in the morning and afternoon shifts (81.6 and 83.8, respectively). In microclimate 2, there was difference in the temperature of the right flank for animals in group 2 in relation to the animals in group 3. The temperature of the left flank was higher for the animals in the group 1. Microclimate 1 was characterized by thermal comfort and 2 was discomfort in the morning and afternoon. Supplementation did not influence the heat production of the animals. Rectal and eye mean averages did not differ between groups and the correlation presented low and moderate values for microclimate 1 and 2, respectively. The supply of different sources of supplementation does not interfere with the production and body heat of F1 HxZ cows even when supplied in a climatic environment in which the BGT is close to 84.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Body Temperature Regulation , Thermography/veterinary , Heat Stress Disorders/veterinary , Temperature , Microclimate
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 66(4): 1709-1720, oct.-dic. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003358

ABSTRACT

Resumen El estudio de las comunidades bióticas que habitan el suelo y que representan un 25 % de la diversidad existente, es importante para su conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible. Entre la biota edáfica los nematodos se consideran de importancia ecológica como indicadores ambientales. Herramientas como los índices de madurez, los índices de la red trófica y las huellas metabólicas, basadas en la comunidad de nematodos, son utilizadas para evaluar la condición del ecosistema con relación al impacto de contaminantes y otros factores estresantes en los ecosistemas. Los cambios en la estructura y funcionamiento de las redes tróficas del suelo y más recientemente el efecto de los factores climáticos, también tienen impacto en la comunidad nematológica. Costa Rica es un país tropical donde se pueden encontrar gran variedad de microclimas en un área pequeña, esta característica se ve reflejada en las diferentes zonas de vida descritas por Holdridge para el territorio nacional, las cuales difieren en sus patrones de precipitación, temperatura y evapotranspiración. En esta investigación, se aprovechó la diversidad de climas para contribuir con el conocimiento de las comunidades de nematodos de varios ecosistemas en diferentes zonas de vida. Para esto se recolectaron muestras en distintas zonas de vida en la Región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica. Los nematodos presentes en las muestras fueron extraídos e identificados a nivel de familia o género, y con los datos obtenidos se calcularon índices de diversidad, de madurez, de la red trófica y huellas metabólicas. Se obtuvo una gran variación en la abundancia de taxa entre los diferentes tipos de manejo dentro de los ecosistemas; sin embargo, la baja disponibilidad de repeticiones para analizar estadísticamente de manera precisa, hizo que las estimaciones de una media fueran indemostrables numéricamente. No fue posible establecer diferencias significativas entre los ecosistemas con diferentes tipos de manejo respecto a las variables calculadas, lo que se atribuye a la variabilidad de los datos. En cuanto a las zonas de vida, los índices de madurez y de la red trófica no mostraron diferencias entre las mismas, mientras que las huellas metabólicas, así como la biomasa de nematodos se correlacionaron positivamente con éstas. En el bosque húmedo montano bajo, la zona con menor temperatura media anual, la huella metabólica fue mayor, luego la huella metabólica disminuyó en las diferentes zonas de vida en correspondencia con el aumento de la temperatura media anual reportada para cada una. Las huellas metabólicas relacionadas con la descomposición de la materia orgánica del suelo (fungívoros, bacterívoros y enriquecimiento) manifestaron correlaciones altamente significativas. Se plantea que el aumento de las huellas metabólicas conforme disminuye la temperatura evidencia un cambio en la dinámica de la descomposición química y biológica de la materia orgánica del suelo y en el flujo de energía de la red trófica. En otros estudios también se ha concluido que la temperatura es un factor determinante en la distribución de las especies en ecosistemas edáficos, y por lo tanto debería ser objeto de mayor investigación.(AU)


Abstract Soil biotic communities represent 25 % of the existing global diversity, therefore their study is important for their conservation and sustainable use. Among edaphic biota, nematodes are considered ecologically important as environmental indicators. Tools like the maturity indexes, food web diagnostics and metabolic footprints are used in assessing the ecosystem in relation to the impact contaminants and other stressors, as well as monitoring and measuring changes in the structure and dynamics of the food webs and, more recently, to study the impact of climate factors on the nematode community. Costa Rica is a tropical country with a variety of miroclimates in a small area; this attribute is reflected in the different life zones described by Holdridge for Costa Rica, which differ in their patterns of precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration. In this research, the diversity of climates was exploited in order to contribute with the knowledge of the nematode communities of several ecosystems within different life zones. For this purpose, samples were taken in several ecosystems located in different life zones in the Region Huetar Norte from Costa Rica. High variation in taxa abundance between different management types within ecosystems was obtained. However, the low availability of replicates for proper statistical analyzes made the mean estimations numerically unprovable. The maturity indexes and the food web diagnosis did not show statistical differences between the studied zones, while, the metabolic footprints were positively correlated to life zones. The metabolic footprint decreased in the different life zones in correspondence with the increase of the average annual temperature reported for each one. The metabolic footprints associated with the decomposition of organic matter (fungivores, bacterivores, and enrichment) had the strongest correlations. The proposition is that the increase in metabolic footprints while the temperature decreases, reflects a change in the dynamics of chemical and biological decomposition of organic matter and in the energy flow in the food networks. This research supports finding in other studies, suggesting that the temperature is a key factor in the species distribution in edaphic ecosystems, and therefore it should be subject to further investigation.(AU)


Subject(s)
Biodiversity , Microclimate , Nematoda/metabolism , Costa Rica
3.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 70(3): 722-730, maio-jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-911194

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, caracterizar o efeito do microclima proporcionado por dois ambientes distintos, sobre as respostas fisiológicas de vacas F1 HxZ em fase de lactação, durante o verão. Foram avaliadas 34 vacas oriundas de quatro diferentes grupos genéticos F1 HxZ. Durante o período experimental, foram feitas medições diárias das variáveis ambientais: temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura de globo negro, para cálculo dos valores de ITGU. Os parâmetros fisiológicos frequência respiratória, batimento cardíaco, temperatura de superfície corporal, temperatura retal e taxa de sudação foram obtidos às 7h e às 14 horas. A pesagem do leite foi feita semanalmente. Os animais F1 avaliados não apresentaram alterações fisiológicas, e não houve redução na produção láctea em função dos ambientes de criação. O ITGU atingiu valores considerados estressantes (87,7), porém os ambientes de criação não proporcionaram estresse nem redução na produção dos animais.(AU)


The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of microclimate provided by two distinct environments on the physiological responses of F1 HxZ cows lactating during the summer, where 34 cows were evaluated originating from 4 different genetic groups F1 HxZ. During the trial period, daily measurements of environmental variables were determined: dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature, to calculate the BGT values. The physiological parameters respiratory rate, heart rate, body surface temperature, rectal temperature, and sweat rate were obtained at 07:00 and 14:00h. Weighing of milk was done weekly. The F1 animals evaluated did not present physiological changes, nor was there a reduction in milk production as a function of breeding environments. The BGT reached levels considered stressful (87.7), but the breeding environments provided no stress or reduced production of animals.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Heat Stress Disorders/veterinary , Animal Welfare/trends , Cattle/physiology , Microclimate
4.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 51(3): e6568, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889051

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to compare the visual contrast sensitivity (CS) of men and women exposed and not exposed to organic solvents. Forty-six volunteers of both genders aged between 18 and 41 years (mean±SD=27.72±6.28) participated. Gas station attendants were exposed to gas containing 46.30 ppm of solvents at a temperature of 304±274.39 K, humidity of 62.25±7.59% and ventilation of 0.69±0.46 m/s (a passive gas chromatography-based sampling method was used considering the microclimate variables). Visual CS was measured via the psychophysical method of two-alternative forced choice using vertical sinusoidal gratings with spatial frequencies of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 16.0 cpd (cycles per degree) and an average luminance of 34.4 cd/m2. The results showed that visual CS was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the following groups: i) exposed men compared to unexposed men at frequencies of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cpd; ii) exposed women compared to unexposed women at a frequency of 5.0 cpd; and iii) exposed women compared to exposed men at a frequency of 0.5 cpd, even at exposures below the tolerance limit (300 ppm). These results suggest that the visual CS of exposed men was impaired over a wider range of spatial frequencies than that of exposed women. This difference may have been due to the higher body fat content of women compared to that of men, suggesting that body fat in women can serve as a protective factor against neurotoxic effects.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Contrast Sensitivity/drug effects , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Solvents/adverse effects , Visual Perception/physiology , Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology , Brazil/epidemiology , Educational Status , Microclimate , Occupational Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Sensory Thresholds/physiology , Sex Factors , Spatial Learning/physiology
5.
Cienc. tecnol. salud ; 5(2): 99-110, 2018. ^c27 cmilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-987179

ABSTRACT

En el territorio de la Selva Maya se han identificado a los cuerpos de agua estacionales denominados localmente aguadas, como un recurso crítico para la supervivencia de especies de fauna silvestre, ya que son su principal fuente de agua durante la temporada seca. En el presente estudio se registró en cinco aguadas, la dinámica temporal de la acumulación de agua empleando una cámara automática, así como la temperatura y la humedad relativa utilizando sensores automáticos a lo largo de abril a agosto del 2016. En cuanto a la disponibilidad de agua, esta fue disminuyendo hasta agotarse al final de la temporada seca en el mes de abril, y fue aumentando al inicio de la temporada lluviosa en junio. Para la temporada seca se registró una temperatura promedio (desviación estándar) de 27.65 (4.52 ) oC y una humedad relativa de 71.30 (19.00) %, mientras que para la temporada lluviosa la temperatura promedio fue de 26.09 (3.21) oC y humedad relativa promedio de 86.16 (14.15) %. Sin embargo no se encontró una diferencia significativa entre los valores registrados en las "distintas" aguadas. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre los valores registrados en las aguadas con los registrados por la estación meteorológica automá- tica (EMA) Calakmul II, por lo que para estudios futuros es posible utilizar los valores de la EMA para representar la dinámica en las aguadas. Entre las estrategias para reducir los potenciales efectos del cambio climático para la fauna es la conservación de las aguadas manteniendo la conectividad entre las mismas.


In the Maya Forest, the seasonal water ponds locally known as aguadas have been identified as a critical resource for the survival of wild species, as they are the main source of fresh water during the dry season. In the present study, in five aguadas, we recorded the availability of water using a camera-trap, as well as the temperature and relative humidity using data loggers, from April to August 2016. Regarding water availability, the water quantity was diminishing at the end of the dry season in April until it ran out, and increased as the rainy season started on June. For the dry season we recorded an average temperature (standard deviation) of 27.65 (4.52) oC and average relative humidity of 71.30 (19.00) %, and on the rainy season, the average temperature was 26.09 (3.21) oC and average relative humidity of 86.16 (14.15) %. Nevertheless we didn't found a significant difference between the values recorded at the aguadas. We founded a significant correlation between the values recorded at the aguadas and the Automatic Meteorological Station (AME) Calakmul II, so for future research the AME values can be used to represent the dynamics at the aguadas. Among the strategies to reduce the potential impacts of Climate Change on animal species is the conservation of aguadas, maintaining the connectivity within them.


Subject(s)
Animals , Water Resources/supply & distribution , Natural Reservations , Climate Change , Fauna , Biodiversity , Microclimate
6.
Braz. j. biol ; 77(3): 535-541, July-Sept. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888779

ABSTRACT

Abstract Golden trumpet, Tabebuia chrysotricha, is a native tree from the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest, with a broad latitudinal distribution. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of short-term changes in micro-weather conditions on structural features, and total protein and carbohydrate content of golden trumpet leaves, using structural and histochemical approaches. Leaves were harvested in four different micro-weather conditions: 1. Afternoon, after a hot, sunny day; 2. at dawn, after a previously hot, sunny day; 3. at noon, of a hot, sunny day; and 4. at noon, of a cold, cloudy day. Leaflets exposed to low light irradiance showed flattened chloroplasts, uniformly distributed within the cells, throughout the palisade parenchyma. Conversely, leaflets exposed to high light irradiance presented flattened and rounded chloroplasts, in the upper and lower palisade parenchyma cells, respectively. The strongest protein staining was found for leaves harvested at the coldest period, whereas the weakest protein staining was found for leaves harvested after a hot, sunny day. The largest and most numerous starch grains were found for leaves harvested in the afternoon, after a hot, sunny day. Conversely, the smallest and less numerous starch grains were found for leaves harvested at dawn. Analysis of the data reported herein suggests that the leaflet responses to transient changes in micro-weather conditions are likely to contribute to the golden trumpet successful establishment in the broad latitudinal distribution in which the species is found.


Resumo Ipê amarelo é uma árvore nativa da floresta Atlântica brasileira, encontrada em uma ampla distribuição latitudinal. Neste estudo, nós investigamos os efeitos potenciais de alterações de curto prazo nas condições micro-climáticas sobre características estruturais, proteína e carboidratos histoquimicamente marcados, de folhas de ipê amarelo, usando estratégias de análise estrutural e histoquímicas. As folhas foram marcadas em quatro condições microclimáticas distintas: 1. Tarde, após um dia quente e ensolarado; 2. Amanhecer, após um dia quente e ensolarado; 3. Ao meio-dia, de um dia quente e ensolarado; e 4. Ao meio-dia, de um dia frio e nublado. Folíolos expostos à baixa irradiância luminosa apresentaram cloroplastos achatados, uniformemente distribuídos no interior das células, por todo o parênquima paliçádico, enquanto que folíolos expostos à alta irradiância apresentaram cloroplastos achatados e arredondados, nas células superiores e inferiores do parênquima paliçádico, respectivamente. A marcação mais intensa para proteína foi observada para folhas coletadas no momento mais frio de coleta, enquanto que a marcação mais fraca foi observada para folhas coletadas após um dia quente e ensolarado. Os grãos de amido maiores e mais numerosos foram observados em folhas coletadas durante a tarde de dia quente e ensolarado, enquanto que os menores e menos numerosos grãos de amido foram observados em folhas coletadas ao amanhecer.


Subject(s)
Plant Proteins/metabolism , Weather , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Tabebuia/anatomy & histology , Tabebuia/metabolism , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Brazil , Chloroplasts/metabolism , Rainforest , Microclimate
7.
São Paulo; s.n; 2017. 312 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-868170

ABSTRACT

É conveniente que as políticas ambientais municipais contem não apenas com os instrumentos previstos na legislação federal, mas também com instrumentos urbanístico-ambientais a serem inseridos na legislação de parcelamento, uso e ocupação do solo. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho desenvolver um tal instrumento. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se: a) requisitos do instrumento: simplicidade, flexibilidade e embasamento teórico; b) objetivos ambientais considerados: promoção da qualidade ecossistêmica, melhoria do microclima e promoção do controle de drenagem na fonte; c) desenvolvimento de métricas: para os dois primeiros objetivos ambientais, demonstrou-se teoricamente ser satisfatório como indicador único uma simplificação do conceito de ecoexergia devido a Jørgensen e, para o último objetivo ambiental, o pico da vazão de saída do lote; d) estabelecimento de padrões: para os dois primeiros objetivos, definição de valores mínimos da ecoexergia simplificada para lotes em diferentes locais e com diferentes usos e taxas de ocupação, enquanto para o último objetivo, impacto zero. Coincidentemente, enquanto esse instrumento era desenvolvido a Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo (Brasil) procedia a uma revisão da lei de parcelamento, uso e ocupação do solo, tendo sido aceito que o instrumento teórico acima servisse como base para o desenvolvimento de um novo instrumento denominado Quota Ambiental (QA). A transformação do instrumento teórico acima na Quota Ambiental, que terminou por ser inserida no projeto de lei encaminhado à Câmara Municipal e depois aprovado por ela, foi objeto de um estudo sui generis, visto que o autor participou ativamente do desenvolvimento da QA como servidor público. Tal demandaria um método a meio caminho entre o estudo de caso e a observação participante, tendo-se optado por um método análogo ao fenomenológico Para o desenvolvimento da QA foi formado um pequeno grupo de trabalho do qual o autor participou. O instrumento teórico recebeu diversas modificações não só para conformação a diretrizes e decisões políticas, como para amadurecimento de conceitos e cálculos, mostrando-se viável como base para o desenvolvimento da QA. Diversos grupos de interesse influenciaram o desenvolvimento da QA em diferentes fases e em diferentes níveis, chegando a ocorrer de eles se manifestarem diretamente junto ao grupo de trabalho. A Superior Administração prestigiou o processo, mas mostrou-se às vezes dividida em relação ao conflito entre aspectos ambientais e sociais. O grupo teve sucesso em potencializar os ganhos decorrentes da complementaridade de expertises decorrentes da heterogeneidade em termos de formação e experiência dos membros do grupo. Ele procurou harmonizar as diferentes pressões, muitas vezes até se antecipando a elas. Para tanto, o grupo de trabalho desenvolveu uma dinâmica para chegar a consensos internos e para prever, internalizar e posicionar-se frente a pressões, frequentemente conflitantes. As pressões mais severas provieram da própria burocracia municipal. Em todos esses processos a simplicidade, como requisito, foi perdendo-se. A Quota Ambiental mostrou-se um instrumento inovador, aparentando dar satisfação aos reclamos de diversos grupos de interesse e, principalmente, representando uma cunha ambiental inserida na legislação de parcelamento, uso e ocupação do solo


It is appropriate that municipal environmental policies incorporate not only the instruments provided for in federal legislation, but also the urban-environmental instruments to be inserted in the urban legislation. Thus, it was aimed in this work to develop such an instrument. To do so, it was established the following: a) requirements of the instrument: simplicity, flexibility and theoretical background; b) environmental objectives considered: promotion of ecosystem quality, improvement of microclimate and promotion of drainage control at source; c) development of metrics: a simplification of the concept of eco-exergy due to Jørgensen has been theoretically proven to be satisfactory as a single indicator of the first two environmental objectives; for the last environmental objective, the lot peak output flow; d) establishment of legal standards: for the first two objectives, definition of minimum values of simplified eco-exergy for lots in different locations and with different uses and occupation rates, whereas for the last objective, zero impact. Coincidentally, while this instrument was being developed, the City of São Paulo (Brazil) proceeded to a review of the zoning law, thus being accepted that the above theoretical instrument should serve as the basis for the development of a new instrument called Environmental Quota (Quota Ambiental, QA, in Portuguese). The transformation of the above theoretical instrument into the QA, which ended up being inserted in the bill forwarded to the City Council and later approved by it, was the subject of a sui generis study, as the author participated actively in the development of QA as a public servant. This would require a method halfway between the case study and the participant observation. A method analogous to the phenomenological one was chosen. A small working group in which the author participated was formed for the development of QA. The theoretical instrument received several modifications not only to conform to political guidelines and decisions, but to maturation of concepts and calculations as well, proving feasible as a basis for the development of QA. Several special interest groups influenced the development of QA in different phases and at different levels; it even occurred to interest groups to directly sue the working group. The High Administration supported the process, but it became sometimes divided in relation to the conflict between environmental and social aspects. The group succeeded in enhancing the gains derived from the complementarity of skills resulting from the heterogeneity in terms of training and experience of the working group members. It sought to harmonize the different pressures, often even foreseeing them. To this end, the working group has developed a dynamic to reach internal consensus and to anticipate, internalize and position itself in the face of frequently conflicting pressures. The most severe pressures came from the municipal bureaucracy itself. In all these processes simplicity, as a requirement, was lost. The Environmental Quota proved to be an innovative instrument, appearing to satisfy the demands of various interest groups and, mainly, representing an environmental wedge inserted in the zoning law


Subject(s)
City Planning , Climate Change , Entropy , Municipal Environmental Policy , Soil Permeability , Ecology , Ecosystem , Environment and Public Health , Green Areas , Infiltration-Percolation Ditches , Microclimate , Percolation , Water Reservoirs , Surface Runoff , Infiltration-Percolation , Urban Area , Water Cycle , Zoning
8.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 66(4): 1097-1104, 08/2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-722563

ABSTRACT

Durante 24 meses foram capturados, inspecionados e liberados no mesmo espaço do Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca, Rio de Janeiro, 96 marsupiais e 64 roedores. Neles foram recolhidos manualmente 105 carrapatos, de 10 espécies em duas famílias. A espécie de carrapato dominante entre os roedores foi Amblyomma longirostre e entre os marsupiais foi Ixodes loricatus. Houve correlação direta significativa entre a temperatura e a intensidade de parasitismo por carrapatos...


During 24 months 96 marsupials and 64 rodents were captured, inspected and set free in the same space of the Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro. From them, 105 ticks from 10 species in two families were manually collected. The dominant tick species on the rodents was Amblyomma longirostre and on the marsupials was Ixodes loricatus. There was a significant correlation of the temperature in relation to intensity of parasitism for ticks, demonstrating that the higher the temperature, greater is the number of ticks...


Subject(s)
Animals , Ticks/growth & development , Didelphis/parasitology , Microclimate , Marsupialia/parasitology , Rodentia/parasitology , Sciuridae/parasitology , Animals, Wild/parasitology , Parasitic Diseases, Animal
9.
Rev. cuba. hig. epidemiol ; 52(1): 106-119, ene.-abr. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-735312

ABSTRACT

En varios asentamientos del país se han construido viviendas Petrocasas de policloruro de vinilo, relleno con hormigón sobre balsa y cubierta de lámina de aluminio revestida de papel asfalto por ambas caras. El policloruro de vinilo como material de construcción resulta controversial en relación a sus efectos en la salud. Con el objetivo de caracterizar desde el punto de vista sanitario el ambiente físico en viviendas Petrocasas de Cienfuegos, fue conducido un estudio descriptivo en dos semanas seleccionadas de las estaciones seca y húmeda de 2008 y 2009. Se monitoreó factores de riesgo físico en una muestra de 6 viviendas seleccionadas según la opinión de expertos, del total de las 104 viviendas del asentamiento según su ubicación en las filas de viviendas: centro, culata de fila y fachada. Se estudió el ruido, componente magnético del campo electromagnético de baja frecuencia, iluminación natural, artificial, microclima y penetración del viento. La evaluación del monitoreo se efectuó por descriptores estadísticos, modelos de regresión, varianza y espectro de potencia bivariado con los paquetes estadísticos: SPSS v. 17,0 y Statistica v. 8,0. Durante la estación seca, la temperatura del aire es mayor en la habitación principal de viviendas con fachada al sur. En ambas estaciones, las temperaturas y humedades relativas de las viviendas son más altas que en la intemperie. Las cubiertas y paredes muestran calentamientos ante el asoleamiento. Los coeficientes de iluminación natural presentan elevadas reflexiones. Los valores del campo electromagnético son bajos. En la estación seca los niveles sonoros reflejan una contaminación acústica moderada. Concluimos que el microclima en el interior de las viviendas durante el día es inconfortable(AU)


Petrohouses have been built in several villages in the country. These houses are made of polyvinyl chloride, filled with raft concrete and covered with aluminum sheets coated with asphalt paper on both sides. The health effects of polyvinyl chloride as a construction material is a matter of controversy. With the purpose of carrying out a health characterization of the physical environment in Cienfuegos petrohouses, a descriptive study was conducted during two weeks selected from the dry and wet seasons of 2008 and 2009. Physical risk factors were monitored in a sample of 6 houses selected on the basis of expert opinion, of the total 104 houses in the village, according to their location in the rows: front, mid and end positions. The variables studied were noise, magnetic component of the low frequency electromagnetic field, natural and artificial lighting, microclimate and wind penetration. Monitoring was evaluated with statistical descriptors, regression models, variance and bivariate power spectrum, with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 and Statistica v. 8.0. In the dry season, air temperature is higher in the main room of houses with facades facing the south. In both seasons, temperature and relative humidity values are higher inside the houses than outside. Covers and walls heat up when hit by the sun. Natural lighting coefficients show high reflection values. Electromagnetic field values are low. In the dry season, sound levels show moderate acoustic contamination. It is concluded that the microclimate inside houses during the day is uncomfortable(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Vinyl Compounds/adverse effects , PVC Pipes/adverse effects , Risk Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Construction Materials/adverse effects , Housing , Environment , /methods , Microclimate
10.
Safety and Health at Work ; : 260-272, 2011.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-220902

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The promotion of health and safety (H&S) awareness among hospital staff can be applied through various methods. The aim of this study was to assess the risk level of physical hazards in the hospital sector by combining workers' perception, experts' evaluation and objective measurements. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed using multiple triangulation. Hospital staff (n = 447) filled in an H&S questionnaire in a general hospital in Athens and an oncology one in Thessaloniki. Experts observed and filled in a checklist on H&S in the various departments of the two hospitals. Lighting, noise and microclimate measurements were performed. RESULTS: The staff's perception of risk was higher than that of the experts in many cases. The measured risk levels were low to medium. In cases of high-risk noise and lighting, staff and experts agreed. Staff's perception of risk was influenced by hospital's department, hospital's service, years of working experience and level of education. Therefore, these factors should be taken into account in future studies aimed at increasing the participation of hospital workers. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the usefulness of staff participation in the risk assessment process, despite the tendency for staff to overestimate the risk level of physical hazards. The combination of combining staff perception, experts' evaluation and objective measures in the risk assessment process increases the efficiency of risk management in the hospital environment and the enforcement of relevant legislation.


Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Checklist , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hazardous Substances , Health Promotion , Hospitals, General , Legislation, Hospital , Light , Lighting , Microclimate , Noise , Occupational Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Assessment , Risk Management
11.
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology ; (12): 41-51, 2011.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-351535

ABSTRACT

Soil archaea and fungi play important roles in the greenhouse soil ecosystem. To develop and apply rich microbial resources in greenhouse ecological environment, and to understand the interaction between microbes and plants, we constructed archaeal 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA gene libraries to analyze the compositions of archaeal and fungal communities. Total greenhouse soil DNA was directly extracted and purified by skiving-thawing-lysozyme-proteinase K-SDS hot treatment and treatment of cetyltriethylammnonium bromide (CTAB). After PCR amplification, retrieving, ligating, transforming, screening of white clones, archaeal 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA gene libraries were constructed. The sequences of archaea and fungi were defined into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) when 97% similarity threshold for OTU assignment was performed by using the software DOTUR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that crenarchaeota and unidentified-archaea were the two major sub-groups and only a few of euryarchaeota existed in the archaeal clone library, total 45 OTUs. All the crenarchaeota belonged to thermoprotei; except for Basidiomycotina, the other four sub-group fungi were discovered in the fungal library, total 24 OTUs. The diversities of archaea were very abundant and a few euryarchaeota (methanebacteria) existed in the archaeal clone library, it might be directly related to the long-term high temperature, high humidity, and high content of organic matter. The limitation of oxygen was the other reason for causing this phenomenon; Ascomycotina (over 80%) was the dominant sub-groups in fungal library. It was because most of the plant fungal diseases belonged to soil-borne diseases which gone through the winter by the ways of scierotium or perithecium and became the sources of primary infection.


Subject(s)
Archaea , Genetics , Biodiversity , Cloning, Molecular , Cucumis sativus , Fungi , Genetics , Gene Library , Genes, rRNA , Microclimate , Phylogeny , Plant Roots , Microbiology , RNA, Archaeal , Genetics , RNA, Fungal , Genetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S , Genetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 18S , Genetics , Soil Microbiology
12.
São Paulo; s.n; 2007. 103 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-533672

ABSTRACT

A asma é uma doença complexa e heterogênea que pode se manifestar por diferentes fenótipos. Ela está relacionada ao desenvolvimento do sistema imune e do trato respiratório nos primeiros anos de vida e os eventos clínicos que ocorrem nesta fase da vida influenciam substancialmente o desenvolvimento do risco de asma. São múltiplas e variáveis as sucetibilidades genéticas e exposições ambientais que modulam a expressão e a progressão da doença. Nesta tese são apresentados resultados parciais de dois estudos conduzidos na cidade de São Paulo que envolveram crianças menores de cinco anos de idade. O objetivo geral de ambas as investigações era examinar a associação entre doenças respiratória do trato inferior na criança, particularmente doença sibilante, e fatores ambientais intra-domicílios. O primeiro estudo foi um caso-controle realizado na década de 90 com crianças de 2-59 meses de idade e, o segundo, é uma coorte prospectiva de recém-nascidos que está em andamento (PROJETO CHIADO). São apresentados os critérios diagnósticos, utilizados no estudo de caso-controle, para classificar as doenças respiratórias do trato inferior em crianças pequenas e os dados clínicos referentes ao primeiro ano de vida das crianças da coorte. A influência do micro-clima do domicílio sobre a saúde respiratória das crianças foi examinada nos dois estudos. Foi observado que o tipo de construção das habitações está altamente correlacionado com as variações higrotérmicas internas. Os resultados das análises multivariáveis mostraram que, no estudo de caso-controle, para cada 1ºC de aumento na amplitude térmica interna está associado um aumento de 6 por cento na incidência de doença respiratória do trato inferior. Os resultados do estudo de coorte são consistentes com estes achados e foi estimado que para cada 1ºC de aumento na amplitude térmica interna está associado um aumento de 9 por cento na incidência de sibilância recorrente.


Subject(s)
Asthma , Case-Control Studies , Microclimate , Respiratory Tract Diseases
13.
Rev. saúde pública ; 40(4): 663-670, ago. 2006. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-437952

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estudar aspectos do micro-clima em favela, para compreender a influência da ocupação do solo nos parâmetros micro-climáticos. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em Paraisópolis, favela localizada no sudoeste da cidade de São Paulo, entre 19 de fevereiro e 31 de julho de 2003, ou seja, todo o período de outono e parte do verão e do inverno. As temperaturas horárias na escala micro-climática foram medidas em quatro pontos num setor da favela densamente ocupadas e, como controle, numa rua arborizada próxima. RESULTADOS: No verão, registrou-se temperaturas horárias médias entre 18,5°C e 29,5°C, com atenuação de 2°C a 3°C fora da favela, nos horários mais quentes. No outono, as temperaturas oscilaram entre 15,5°C e 25,5°C e no inverno, 13,5°C e 25,5°C. O maior resfriamento na favela ocorreu na madrugada no outono, e no inverno, às 7h. Maiores amplitudes térmicas ocorreram na favela e menores fora dela. As temperaturas estiveram dentro da faixa de conforto em cerca de 50 por cento das horas. Temperaturas abaixo do limite mínimo (18°C) foram mais freqüentes do que aquelas acima do limite máximo (24°C). Temperaturas acima do limite máximo foram mais freqüentes na favela que fora dela. CONCLUSÕES: A ocupação do solo é fator diferenciador das temperaturas. Na favela, as temperaturas foram mais elevadas de dia (até 3°C) e mais baixas à noite (1°C em média). O ambiente da favela acentuou os extremos de temperatura, enquanto que na rua-controle, ficou amena.


OBJECTIVE: To study aspects of the microclimate in a shantytown (favela), in order to understand the influence of the land occupation pattern on its climatic parameters. METHODS: The study was carried out in a shantytown located in the southwestern region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, between February 19 and July 31, 2003, i.e. covering the whole autumn and parts of the summer and winter. The air temperatures were measured every hour on a microclimate scale, at four points within this densely populated shantytown and, as a control, on a tree-lined street nearby. RESULTS: In the summer, the average hourly temperatures in the shantytown were between 18.5°C and 29.5°C but, away from it, they were 2°C to 3°C lower at the hottest times of the day. In the autumn, the temperatures ranged from 15.5°C to 25.5°C and in the winter, 13.5°C to 25.5°C. The chilliest time in the shantytown was before dawn in the autumn and at 7 a.m. in the winter. The temperature variation was greater inside the shantytown than outside of it. The temperatures were within the comfort range for around 50 percent of the time. Temperatures below the lower limit (18°C) were more frequent than those above the upper limit (24°C). Temperatures above the upper limit were more frequent in the shantytown than outside of it. CONCLUSIONS: The land occupation is a temperature differentiation factor. In the shantytown, the temperatures were higher during the daytime (by up to 3°C) and lower at nighttime (by 1°C on average). The shantytown environment accentuated the temperature extremes, while the temperatures in the control street were milder.


Subject(s)
Housing , Microclimate , Temperature , Poverty Areas
14.
São Paulo; s.n; 2004. 161 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1510004

ABSTRACT

Nesta pesquisa foram estudados os aspectos do microclima, em ambiente construído em uma classe específica de uso do solo, as favelas, a fim de compreender o impacto dessas áreas em sua atmosfera imediata. Estudou-se o caso da favela Paraisópolis, localizada no distrito de Vila Andrade - região Sudoeste da cidade de São Paulo. Foram feitas medições horárias de temperatura e umidade em um setor da favela e em um ponto fora dela considerando-se o padrão de arruamento e adensamento, entre 19 de fevereiro e 31 de julho de 2003. A articulação com a escala local foi feita da Estação Meteorológica Experimental do Laboratório de Climatologia e Biogeografia da Universidade de São Paulo e da Estação Meteorológica do Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas do Instituto Astronômico e Geofísico da Universidade de São Paulo, respectivamente na zona Oeste e Sul, em São Paulo. Mediram-se, também, parâmetros de poluição atmosférica (PTS, PI, NO2) na favela, entre 15 e 31 de julho de 2003. Os dados de PI foram comparados com os da estação da CETESB de Pinheiros e de Santo Amaro, localizadas próximas à área de estudo. O uso e ocupação do solo e o arruamento consistiram em fatores diferenciadores das características higrotérmicas. Os ambientes de favela aguçaram os extremos de temperatura mais elevadas e mais baixas. A rua Silveira Sampaio - fora da favela - consistiu um ambiente amenizador dessas temperaturas. Os dados indicaram a produção de umidade nos microambientes. A poluição do ar não consistiu fator agravante na favela.


This research studied aspects of the microclimate of a slum area. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of this urbanization pattern on its atmosphere at the urban canopy layer. Investigation was carried out at a shanty-town (fàvela) called Paraisópolis, located in Vila Andrade District, in the South West side of the city of São Paulo. It was based on hourly measurements of air temperature and humidity in four specific areas inside Paraisópolis and another out of the slum, during the period of time, from February 19th, 2003 to July 31st, 2003. The comparison with the local scale was based on data obtained from the Experimental Station of Climatology and the Biogeography Laboratory of São Paulo University and from the Meteorological Station of Atmospherics Science Department of Astronomical and Geophysical Institute of São Paulo University. These two places are located in the West and South parts of São Paulo. Parameters of atmospheric pollution (TSM,IP,NO2) were also measured in the slum area, between July 15 and July 31, 2003. Data of IP were compared to that from the CETESB Station in Pinheiros and Santo Amaro Districts, which are next to the study area. Land-use and occupation and the way the strees were built resulted in distinct factors for humidity and temperature characteristics. The slum environment produces two distinguished characteristics: higher and lower temperatures. However, in Silveira Sampaio street, out of the slum, the measurements indicated mild temperatures. Data also showed production of humidity in micro environments. Air pollution does not represent an aggravating factor in the slum.


Subject(s)
Poverty Areas , Environmental Health , Air Pollution , Microclimate
15.
Iatreia ; 16(2): 115-131, jun. 2003. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-406162

ABSTRACT

Cualquier investigación donde se experimente con modelos animales exige que el estado microbiológico y genético de los mismos sea definido desde el principio y verificado periódicamente para garantizar la fiabilidad y certeza de los datos. Buscando producir ratones libres de patógenos murinos en Colombia, se importaron 173 reproductores no emparentados suizos albinos de la cepa ICR que se hospedaron bajo condiciones protocolizadas de aislamiento microbiológico en el Bioterio MPF de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia. Tras dos años de funcionamiento ininterrumpido, el control microbiológico demostró que los progenitores mantuvieron inalterada la flora con la cual fueron exportados a Colombia, que sus crías portan flora murina idéntica, y que la misma corresponde a la exigida internacionalmente. Diversas pruebas a la integridad de la barrera microbiológica condujeron a la detección y erradicación de un brote infeccioso por Parvovirus murino. El control reproductivo permitió mantener intacta la eterocigocidad de la cepa, denominada Udea:ICR(CD-1).


In order to guarantee the accuracy of the data, experimentation with animal models requires well defined microbiological and genetic statuses with periodical verification. To produce murine pathogen free mice, an outbreeding program was set up by importing 173 non-related Swiss albino ICR breeders that were hosted under strict conditions of microbiological isolation in the animal facilities of the University of Antioquia Medical Faculty. After two years of uninterrupted reproduction, microbiological control demonstrated unaltered murine flora for both parents and offspring, the same with which original breeders were dispatched to Colombia, complying with current international standards. An outbreak of Murine Parvovirus (MPV) was timely detected and erradicated thanks to strict testing of microbiological barriers. The breeding program allowed the production of animals free of genetic contamination.


Subject(s)
Rodentia , Models, Animal , Animals, Laboratory , Mice , Microclimate , Muridae
16.
Journal of Practical Medicine ; : 28-30, 2002.
Article in Vietnamese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-1419

ABSTRACT

The microclimate at working environment is bad, especially radiation. The particle levels at most workshops are higher than approved standard. The morbidity is increasing between 1999 to 2000. The increase in morbidity with professional age was noted. The incidence of skin, dental and ORL diseases increase significantly. The alergic cutaneous diseases affect to fourth of workers. 11.48% of examined persons have silicosis.


Subject(s)
Occupational Diseases , Microclimate
17.
Journal of Preventive Medicine ; : 72-74, 2002.
Article in Vietnamese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-1192

ABSTRACT

A study on some pilots and technicians at some airports from the center to the South showed that: during the studying days of May - June /1996, the temperature burden of hot microclimate environment according to the Yaglow general index rose to 32%, the tension of the temperature regulatory mechanism of the body expressed the raising of body temperature, increasing the pulse and excretion of sweats. Suitability to the hot climate of pilots and technitians through training themselves maintained the temperature balance at standard level.


Subject(s)
Affect , Microclimate , Work
18.
Cad. saúde pública ; 16(supl.2): 69-74, 2000. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-279737

ABSTRACT

Triatoma brasiliensis es el principal vector de la enfermedad de Chagas en la región nordeste de Brasil. En este sentido, resulta fundamental conocer las preferencias microclimáticas de esta especie como condicionantes de su distribución y capacidad de infestación de domicilios. Se analisan las características microclimáticas de los refugios en que este insecto es hallado, tanto en sitios silvestres como domiciliarios y peridomiciliarios del Estado de Ceará, Brasil. Se realizaron medidas de temperatura y humedad relativa (HR) cada 15 minutos, durante un periodo de 3 días. La variación de temperatura se halla fuertemente amortiguada en el interior de los refugios domiciliarios, así como en los sitios más protegidos dentro de los pedregales silvestres. En relación com la HR, se pudo observar un patrón de amortiguación semejante, sin embargo, la HR media fue inferior tanto en el interior de refugios intradomiciliarios como en aquellos silvestres entre montículos de piedras, en comparación con los valores registrados como referencia en el ambiente. Los resultados son discutidos en relación con las preferencias microclimáticas de esta especie observadas en el laboratorio y con la posible importancia de éstas como determinantes de su distribución geográfica.


Subject(s)
Microclimate , Triatoma
19.
Rev. cuba. med. mil ; 23(1): 7-18, ene.-jun. 1994. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-149819

ABSTRACT

Se estudia el estado térmico del personal que realiza trabajo físico ligero en una instalación defensiva subterránea sin climatización artificial en las 2 épocas del año en Cuba, con el objetivo de establecer criterios de soportabilidad al microclima. Se estudiaron 13 voluntarios en época calurosa y 18 en época fría. Se midieron indicadores microclimáticos durante la madrugada t la mañana y un aumento en el resto del día. AL comparar el estado tármico con la clasificación de Afanasieva RF et al. (1989) se observa que existe correspondencia con el nivel óptimo de ambas épocas del año. Más del 50 por ciento de los investigados expresaron sensación térmica confortable en épocas fría y de calor. Por tanto, se concluye que el microclima de esta instalación puede evaluarse como corfortable en ambas épocas del año para realizar trabajo ligero


Subject(s)
Adult , Microclimate , Body Temperature , Exercise , Military Personnel , Temperature , Work
20.
Rev. cuba. med. mil ; 23(1): 19-25, ene.-jun. 1994. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-149820

ABSTRACT

Se estudia un grupo de soldados sometidos durante un tiempo ininterrumpido de 10 días en una instalación defensiva subterránea con condiciones microclimáticas naturales, a las actividades de la preparación combativa. Se midió el microclima en diferentes puntos de la instalación en relación con unpunto del exterior y el estado térmico del personal que realiza servicio de cuartelería, actividades deportivas, trabajo combativa y de preparación física, correspondientes a diferentes cargas físicas. El gasto energético promedio por cronometraje de actividades fue de 3 600 kcal/24 h. Se observó que las condiciones microclimáticas de la instalación en el período estudiado del año (marzo-abril) se encuentran dentro de los límites permisibles para realizar actividades físicas ligeras, moderadas e intensas y que el estado térmico del personal se mantiene dentro de los límites permisibles para las actividades de trabajo combativo, deportivo y de gimnasia matutina que realizaron y dentro del criterio óptimo para el servicio de cuartelería


Subject(s)
Adult , Microclimate , Body Temperature , Exercise , Military Personnel , Temperature , Work
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